Bird clocks, also known as cuckoo clocks, are pendulum-regulated clocks that strike the hours with the sound of a singing bird, often accompanied by the appearance of a mechanical bird. They originated in Germany’s Black Forest in the early 18th century and are considered a symbol of German folk art and craftsmanship. The most common type of bird used in these clocks is the common cuckoo, giving rise to their popular name. However, a variety of other birds have been used over the years including quail, nightingale, rooster, owl, and bluebird among others. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most popular types of bird clocks and their unique characteristics.
Common Cuckoo Clock
The traditional cuckoo clock features the call of the common cuckoo native to Europe and Asia. The cuckoo’s call is produced by bellows pushing air through two pipes, replicating the two-note call “cuc-koo.” These types of clocks have two small doors at the top of the clock, behind which sits the carved figure of the bird that appears on each hour. The doors open either just before or right at the start of the hour to reveal the cuckoo before it sounds its call. The number of calls indicates the current hour. These clocks typically have an ornamented oaken case with carved leaves, animals, and figures decorating it. The Hessian cuckoo clock and Black Forest cuckoo clock are two well-known types of traditional cuckoo clocks.
Key Facts
- Native bird call: Common cuckoo
- Motion: Doors open to reveal cuckoo bird figure before/at start of hour
- Call: Two-note “cuc-koo” indicates hour
- Style: Ornate carved wooden case and decorations
Quail Clock
Quail clocks feature the call of the Eurasian quail, a small ground-dwelling game bird. The quail’s repetitive three-note call of “wet-my-lips” is replicated by a bellows and pipe system like the cuckoo clock. On each hour, the doors above the clock face open to reveal a quail figure that moves up and down while rotating its head and producing the three-note call. The number of repetitions of the call indicates the hour. These clocks are noted for their excellent woodcarving details such as foliage, fruit, animals, and figures decorating the case. Popular styles include the German quail clock and the Swiss quail clock.
Key Facts
- Native bird call: Eurasian quail
- Motion: Doors open to reveal quail figure that bobs head and rotates
- Call: Three-note “wet-my-lips” indicates hour
- Style: Intricate carved wooden case and decorations
Nightingale Clock
As the name suggests, nightingale clocks feature the melodic call of the nightingale bird. This small Old World songbird is known for its beautiful and complex songs. In the clock, a series of whistles and pipes produce the intricate trills, chirps, and warbles of the nightingale’s song. On the hour, the doors open to reveal an animated nightingale within a landscaped scene. The nightingale pivots back and forth while flapping its wings and tail as its song plays. The number of complete songs indicates the hour. These clocks have detailed carvings such as flowers, vines, and trees decorating the wooden case. Popular versions include the German nightingale clock and the French rossignol clock.
Key Facts
- Native bird call: Nightingale
- Motion: Doors open to reveal nightingale figure amidst landscaped scene
- Call: Complex trills, chirps, warbles in song indicates hour
- Style: Elaborate carved wooden case with nature motifs
Rooster Clock
Rooster clocks announce the hours with the bold crowing of a rooster. Through an air bellows system, the rooster’s iconic “cock-a-doodle-doo” crows are replicated. At the start of each hour, the doors above the clock face open to reveal the rooster which moves up and down while flapping its wings and crowing. Additional carved details like flowers and leaves decorate the opened doors and case. The number of complete crows indicates the hour. Popular designs include the Swiss rooster clock and German rooster clock distinguished by their ornate wood carvings and case designs.
Key Facts
- Native bird call: Rooster
- Motion: Doors open to reveal rooster figure that bobs and flaps wings
- Call: “Cock-a-doodle-doo” crows indicate hour
- Style: Decorative carved wooden case and door details
Owl Clock
For a more nocturnal vibe, owl clocks feature the call of an owl to mark the hours. Through bellows and whistles, the “hoo-hoo-hoo” call of the owl is replicated on each hour. As the call plays, the doors above the clock open to reveal an owl figure that rotates its head and flaps its wings. The large eyes of the owl may also light up in some models. Additional owls, leaves, and other animals are intricately carved into the wooden case. The number of “hoo” calls corresponds to the current hour. Popular versions include German owl clocks and Swiss owl clocks notable for their fine woodworking.
Key Facts
- Native bird call: Owl
- Motion: Doors open to reveal owl figure that turns head and flaps wings
- Call: “Hoo-hoo-hoo” indicates hour
- Style: Intricately carved wooded case and decorations
Bluebird Clock
Representing happiness and cheer, bluebird clocks feature the chirping call of the beautiful bluebird. Through wooden whistles, the “chur-lee” call is replicated at the start of each hour when the doors open to show the bluebird. The bluebird moves up and down while flapping its wings and pivoting its head from side to side. Other common motifs like flowers and vines decorate the detailed wooden case. The number of complete “chur-lee” calls corresponds to the current hour. Popular designs include the German bluebird clock and the French bluebird clock celebrated for their exceptional woodcarving.
Key Facts
- Native bird call: Bluebird
- Motion: Doors open to reveal bluebird figure bobbing and turning head
- Call: “Chur-lee” indicates hour
- Style: Finely carved wooden case and decorations
How Bird Clocks Work
While there are variations between models, most bird clocks work by similar mechanisms:
Gear System
Bird clocks contain an internal gear system that controls the timing. The main components are:
- Clock movement – This is the internal mechanism that tracks time through a series of gears connected to the clock hands. It regulates the timing.
- Pendulum – The pendulum swings back and forth, powering the clock movement. Each swing marks off a precise unit of time.
- Weights – Weights attached to pulleys provide power by descending gradually.
- Escapement – This mechanism transfers power from the weights/pendulum to the clock movement, advancing the gears one tooth at a time.
Bellows and Whistles
At each hour, bellows push air through specialized whistles or reeds designed to recreate the unique call of the bird. The air flow produces the sounds.
Automated Figures
Decorative automated figures of the birds are timed to emerge from behind doors at the start of each hour in motion with the sounds. Weights, levers and crank mechanisms control the motion.
Types of Bird Clock Movements
There are two main types of clock movements used to power bird clocks:
Mechanical Movements
Traditional bird clocks have mechanical movements powered by weights or springs. The weights are suspended by pulley systems and gradually descend, transmitting force through the gears. Springs can also provide power as they unwind. These gears regulate the timekeeping. Mechanical movements require periodic winding by hand, typically once per day.
Quartz Movements
Many modern bird clocks run on quartz clock movements. These contain a quartz crystal oscillator circuit regulated by a quartz crystal that vibrates at a precise frequency, keeping very accurate time without gears. The oscillations generate electrical signals that power the clock. Quartz movements only require a battery change once every 1-2 years.
Notable German Clockmakers
Germany’s Black Forest region is famous for its long tradition of clockmaking mastery. Some of the most well-known historic and modern German bird clock manufacturers include:
Matthias Hohl
Credited with inventing the traditional cuckoo clock in the 1850s by adding the cuckoo bird to his arched topped “shield clocks.” His early cuckoo clocks featured woodcarved cuckoos and traditional Black Forest designs.
Franz Anton Ketterer
Prolific Black Forest clockmaker during the mid-1800s. His company perfected and commercialized the traditional cuckoo clock. Very detailed wood carvings.
Richard Lorch
Opened his clockmaking business in the 1860s, specializing in miniature cuckoo clocks with the “Regula” brand name. Detailed miniatures with carved leaves, animals, and figures.
Johann Baptist Beha
Master carver and clockmaker, he opened his shop in the 1820s. Famous for his expertly carved traditional Black Forest cuckoo clocks with scenes, animals, and foliage.
Eugen Ketterer
Took over the Franz Anton Ketterer factory in the early 1900s. Expanded availability of cuckoo clocks internationally. Very decorative clocks.
Theo Eccart
Modern German clockmaker founded in the 1950s. Specializes in musical cuckoo clocks with moving figures like dancing couples or chopping woodcutters.
August Schwer
Contemporary high-end German cuckoo clock maker. Traces its origins to the 1800s. Known for precise, durable movements and quality woodcarvings.
Notable Swiss Clockmakers
In addition to Germany, Switzerland also has a strong tradition of clockmaking excellence. Some prominent Swiss bird clock manufacturers include:
Kienzle Clock Company
Founded in 1822, one of Switzerland’s earliest and most renowned clockmakers. Crafted music box clocks and high-quality carved bird clocks with roosters, quail, and bluebirds.
Rombach-Haefeli
Family-owned Swiss clock company founded in 1866. Specialized in quail clocks with intricately carved cases that play the “wet-my-lips” quail call.
Junghans Clock Company
Major German clock company that opened a factory in Schramberg, Switzerland in 1903 specializing in cuckoo clocks. Known for reliability and ornate woodcarvings.
Mooser Schrattenhofer
Swiss maker dating to the early 1700s. Famous for Swiss chalet style cuckoo clocks with woodcarved motions like dancing couples or waterwheel scenes.
Griesser-Schanzlin
Swiss clockmakers since the late 1800s. Produced high-quality Black Forest style cuckoo clocks noted for their craftsmanship and complexity.
Wuerfeli Cuckoo
Family workshop founded in 1954, specializing in traditional Swiss chalet style cuckoo clocks with moving figures and chiming mechanisms.
Moritz Grossmann
Contemporary Swiss manufacturer of precision cuckoo clocks using traditional techniques. Known for reliability, quality, and detailing.
Hans Erni
Modern Swiss artist and clock designer. Created colorful decorative bird clocks with abstract painted cases rather than traditional woodcarvings.
Choosing the Right Bird Clock
When selecting a bird clock, there are a number of factors to consider depending on your needs and preferences:
Bird Call
The most important decision is choosing which bird call suits your style – cuckoo, quail, nightingale, etc. Listen to examples online to decide on your favorite.
Motion and Figures
Consider if you want automated moving figures or dancing couples that appear on the hour for added visual interest.
Clock Size
Bird clocks come in a wide range of sizes from small miniatures to large grandfather clocks. Measure your space and view needs.
Design Aesthetic
Determine the decorative style you prefer – traditional carved Black Forest, Swiss chalet, modern, abstract, etc. This influences the case design.
Sound Quality
Listen to the quality and realism of the bird calls produced to find the most pleasing option.
Clock Mechanism
Decide between mechanical or quartz movements based on your desire for winding versus convenience.
Budget
Bird clocks range dramatically in price from affordable to luxury. Set a comfortable budget for your needs.
Brand Reputation
Look for established, reputable clockmakers known for skill, craftsmanship, and using quality materials.
Fun Facts About Bird Clocks
In addition to their beauty and craftsmanship, bird clocks have some fun and fascinating histories behind them:
- The town of Triberg, Germany is considered the epicenter of cuckoo clock manufacturing.
- Cuckoo clocks were first sold to the outside world at the 1850 Paris World Exhibition.
- In the past, the clocks contained mercury vials that triggered the sounds through temperature sensitivity.
- The year 1865 saw the first mass produced cuckoo clocks.
- Over 30 different species of birds have been featured in cuckoo clock designs.
- During World War II, many US soldiers brought cuckoo clocks home as souvenirs.
- Cuckoo clocks are given as traditional wedding gifts in parts of Europe.
- Contrary to popular belief, Switzerland had little role in inventing the cuckoo clock.
- The mechanics inside the clocks can contain over 200 individual parts.
- Some very elaborate models have moving scenes with waterwheels, dancing couples, and more.
How to Use Bird Clocks Decoratively
Beyond their function of telling time, bird clocks can serve as beautiful decorative statement pieces:
Focal Point
Place your bird clock prominently as a focal feature on a wall in an entryway or above the fireplace mantel where it draws attention.
On Display
Stage your cuckoo clock as a display item by placing it inside a curio cabinet so the details can be admired.
Shelf Accent
Perch small bird clocks on bookshelves or wall shelves where visitors can view them up close.
Complement Decor
Choose clock case designs and wood tones that coordinate with your existing decor. Carved leaves or vines can accentuate nature themes.
Nursery Accent
Add interest to a baby’s nursery with a whimsical bird clock for a playful touch.
Suit Your Style
Select bird motifs that align with your decorating style – roosters for French country, bluebirds for cottage, owls for rustic style, etc.
Group Display
Arrange multiple sizes or types of bird clocks together for a collection display.
Bedside Interest
Flank your bed with matching bird clocks on each nightstand for symmetry and charm.
Typical Bird Clock Repairs
Like any complex mechanical device, bird clocks can sometimes require repairs to maintain proper working function. Common issues include:
Clock Doesn’t Run
If the clock stops working, it likely needs rewinding or the chains connecting weights may have come detached. Mechanical failures inside the movement like broken gears or dirty/dry pivots may also cause the clock to stop running. A repair expert can assess and fix the specific issue.
No Bird Call or Motion
Improper bird call or motion typically indicates problems with the bellows or pneumatics that create the sound and animate the figures. Dried out bellows, detached whistles, and stuck pneumatic motors are common culprits. A technician can troubleshoot and repair the pneumatic components.
Timing Inaccuracy
If the clock runs too fast or too slow, the clock movement needs adjustment. This requires carefully regulating the pendulum swing and escapement mechanism to achieve proper beat. An experienced repair person can fine tune the timing.
Loose Pendulum
A loose pendulum that swings independently of the movement can lead to inaccurate timekeeping. A simple repair involves assessing the suspension spring and adjusting the rating nut that secures the pendulum.
Bent Hands
Over time, the metal hands that indicate the hours and minutes can get bent out of shape. Carefully straightening or replacing damaged hands restores proper time indication.
Loose Weights
Clanging inside the case may signal weights have come unattached from pulleys. A repairer can resecure the suspension cables and ensure weights have free movement.
Worn Gears
After decades of use, the clock’s gears may become excessively worn. Replacement of damaged components is needed to reestablish smooth gear train operation.
Broken Chimes
For clocks with chime functions, broken coil gongs or hammer mechanisms may need mending or replacement parts. This will restore the proper melody.
Quality Bird Clock Brands
When investing in a bird clock, purchasing from a respected brand helps ensure you are getting a well-crafted timepiece. Some top bird clock manufacturers include:
German Brands
– Hugo Kienzle
– Anton Schneider
– Rombach & Haas
– Schatz & Kuckuck
– Hubo
Swiss Brands
– Brienz Clockworks
– Griesser AG
– Hans Erni
– Trend Uhren
American Brands
– Ammon
– Brewer
– Emperor
– German Timeplace
– Hermle Clock Company
Austrian Brands
– Andreas Riha
– Lorenz Bob
– Rombach & Haas
Conclusion
With their charming bird calls, handmade craftsmanship, and decorative appeal, bird clocks offer a whimsical way to add interest to your home while keeping track of the time. Whether your tastes run traditional, modern, or funky, there’s a model that perfectly suits your style. Just be sure to buy from a reputable brand for the best quality and performance. Properly cared for, these kinetic works of art become treasured family keepsakes with their delightful chirps, toots, and cuckoos marking each hour. Let their happy birdsong keep your days cheerfully ticking!
